Измерение деформаций волоконно-оптическими датчиками. Обзор
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7242/2658-705X/2026.3.1Ключевые слова:
измерение деформаций, волоконно-оптические датчики, волоконная брэгговская решетка, оптическая рефлектометрия в частотной области, точечные датчики, распределенные датчики, полимерный композитный материалАннотация
Работа посвящена обзору исследований, связанных с измерением деформаций волоконно-оптическими датчиками (ВОД). Рассмотрены точечные ВОД на основе брэгговской решетки и распределенные ВОД на основе рэлеевского рассеяния. Приводится краткая история появления ВОД и краткая информация о принципах работы точечных и распределенных датчиков. Приведены варианты применения ВОД в авиационных конструкциях, геотехническом мониторинге, строительной инфраструктуре, медицине и биомеханике. Основное внимание уделено факторам, определяющим достоверность значений деформаций, измеряемых точечными и распределенными ВОД: передаче деформаций от объекта измерений к зоне оптического волокна, обеспечивающей измерения; изменению структуры и напряженно-деформированного состояния в материале после встраивания в него ВОД; учету сложно-напряженного состояния в оптическом волокне при вычислении деформаций на основе физических величин, регистрируемых датчиком; влиянию температуры и влажности; влиянию градиента деформаций. Проанализировано направление, связанное с измерением встроенными в материал ВОД технологических и остаточных деформаций в полимерных и композиционных материалах, изготовленных различными технологиями химического формования и аддитивными технологиями. Показано, что корректная интерпретация показаний датчиков требует учета физических принципов измерения, условий закрепления или встраивания, свойств материала и алгоритмов обработки данных. Рассмотрены перспективные направления применения ВОД
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